https://bereket-haileab.geology.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/673cef037bdcc3324252c20642f40260.jpg b5508688bb56e185a9ff23a00861682e https://bereket-haileab.geology.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/a9a21b5ded1fc1c262e743572b1f293d.jpg 84806158aee11b76da34201c47433b6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Igneous Rocks Subject The topic of the resource This collection covers both volcanic and intrusive rocks, including rhyolites, granites, diorites, andesites, basalts, gabbros, diabases, pumices, obsidians, syenites, phonolites, peridotites, carbonatites, dacites, trachyte, dunites, xenoliths, ignimbrites, and pegmatites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bereket Haileab Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Housed in Anderson Hall, Carleton College. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Thin sections, thin section scans, hand samples, hand sample images, photomicrographs, chemical analyses (major elements, trace elements and REE analyses for selected samples). Thin section Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource BH250-112a Subject The topic of the resource Dish Hill Xenolith Olivine Basalt Host Rock and Xenolith Contact Zone Description An account of the resource BH250-112A Xenolith-Bearing Alkali Basalt with Vapor-Phase Mineralization Dish Hill, Mojave Desert, California Description Major Minerals: plagioclase, olivine, volcanic glass Minor Minerals: clinopyroxene, biotite/phlogopite, Fe-Ti oxides, vapor-phase minerals Textures: porphyritic, vesicular, pilotaxitic, xenolith-bearing, glomeroporphyritic, vapor-phase crystallization Overview BH250-112A is the volcanic host rock that transported the mantle xenolith BH250-112C from the upper mantle to the Earth's surface. Collected from Dish Hill in the eastern Mojave Desert of California, the specimen preserves a remarkable record of volcanic processes ranging from magma crystallization at depth to volatile exsolution, vesicle formation, and late-stage vapor-phase mineral growth. Together with the associated mantle xenolith, the rock provides an exceptional opportunity to study the connection between deep mantle processes and surface volcanism. The hand sample consists of a dark gray to black alkali basalt containing abundant vesicles and a conspicuous green ultramafic xenolith. The sharp contrast between the fine-grained volcanic host and the coarse-grained mantle fragment illustrates the rapid ascent of the magma, which carried pieces of the lithospheric mantle to the surface before they could be completely melted or assimilated. Petrography of the Host Basalt Thin sections reveal a fine-grained basaltic groundmass composed primarily of plagioclase microlites, volcanic glass, pyroxene, and opaque oxide minerals. Many areas display a pilotaxitic texture in which plagioclase laths show a weak preferred orientation produced by magmatic flow prior to solidification. Larger plagioclase phenocrysts are scattered throughout the rock and commonly exhibit well-developed albite twinning under crossed polarized light. Several plagioclase crystals display fractures, bent twins, and irregular extinction patterns that may reflect thermal stress associated with eruption and cooling. Opaque minerals, interpreted as titanomagnetite and related Fe-Ti oxides, occur throughout the groundmass and contribute to the dark color of the rock. Olivine occurs as both isolated phenocrysts and crystal aggregates. Under crossed polarized light the olivine displays bright interference colors, irregular fractures, and locally minor alteration along grain boundaries. The presence of abundant olivine, together with possible phlogopite or biotite observed in several thin sections, suggests that the host magma was relatively rich in volatiles and may be more appropriately classified as an alkaline basalt rather than a typical tholeiitic basalt. Contact with the Mantle Xenolith One of the most important features preserved in BH250-112A is its contact with the associated peridotite xenolith BH250-112C. Thin sections crossing the contact reveal an abrupt transition from fine-grained basalt to coarse-grained mantle peridotite. The basalt wraps around irregular margins of the xenolith and fills embayments along its edges, indicating that the mantle fragment was already solid when it became incorporated into the magma. Localized reaction textures occur near portions of the contact where hot basaltic melt interacted with olivine and pyroxene in the xenolith. Although limited thermal modification occurred during transport, the preservation of coarse mantle textures demonstrates that ascent was rapid. Had the xenolith remained within the magma for a prolonged period, extensive melting and recrystallization would have destroyed much of its original mineralogy. This relationship provides a direct illustration of how basaltic magmas can act as conveyors, transporting fragments of the Earth's mantle from depths of tens of kilometers to the surface. Vesicles and Volcanic Degassing Abundant vesicles are present throughout the basalt and represent one of the most striking features of the specimen. These cavities formed as dissolved volatiles exsolved from the magma during ascent and eruption. As pressure decreased, gas bubbles nucleated and expanded within the melt, producing the vesicular texture now preserved in the rock. The progression from relatively dense basalt to highly vesicular zones records increasing volatile concentration and decreasing confining pressure during eruption. The vesicles therefore provide a direct record of volcanic degassing and preserve evidence of the dynamic processes operating during emplacement of the lava. Vapor-Phase Mineralization Among the most spectacular features preserved in BH250-112A are the crystal-lined vesicles that record the final stages of cooling and chemical evolution within the volcanic system. While most minerals in igneous rocks crystallize directly from a melt, these cavity-filling minerals formed after the lava had largely solidified. The photomicrographs reveal delicate radiating crystal sprays, fan-shaped aggregates, and locally spherulitic growths projecting inward from vesicle walls. As the basalt cooled, volatile components such as H₂O, CO₂, F, Cl, S, Na, K, and Si became increasingly concentrated in residual fluids and gases trapped within the rock. These volatile-rich fluids migrated through the interconnected vesicle network and transported dissolved chemical components through the cooling lava. Minerals subsequently precipitated on vesicle walls and grew into open cavities where they were free to develop euhedral crystal forms. The inward-pointing crystal terminations and radial growth patterns observed in the thin sections are characteristic of vapor-phase crystallization. Such textures indicate unrestricted growth into open space and differ fundamentally from crystals that formed within the melt itself. These minerals represent some of the youngest phases in the rock and record a stage of mineral formation that occurred after primary magmatic crystallization had essentially ceased. Although definitive identification requires analytical techniques such as SEM, X-ray diffraction, or electron microprobe analysis, the crystal morphology and volcanic setting suggest possible: Without SEM, XRD, or microprobe analyses, identification remains tentative, but based on morphology and volcanic setting, likely candidates include: Silica minerals <ul> <li>Cristobalite</li> <li>Tridymite</li> <li>Chalcedony (later)</li> </ul> Alkali feldspars <ul> <li>Sanidine</li> <li>Anorthoclase</li> </ul> Zeolite-group minerals <ul> <li>Phillipsite</li> <li>Chabazite</li> <li>Analcime</li> <li>Natrolite</li> </ul> Late-stage volcanic minerals <ul> <li>Apatite</li> <li>Amphibole microlites</li> <li>Iron oxides</li> </ul> The radiating sprays in your photomicrographs are particularly reminiscent of zeolite and silica vapor-phase growth textures commonly reported from vesicular alkali basalts. The textures are particularly similar to vapor-phase mineral assemblages reported from vesicular alkali basalts worldwide. The abundance of vapor-phase minerals suggests that the Dish Hill magma retained a significant volatile component during cooling and that fluid circulation continued after emplacement. These textures provide compelling evidence that volcanic rocks can remain chemically active long after eruption and offer an excellent opportunity to discuss the transition from primary magmatic crystallization to late-stage fluid-driven mineralization. Petrologic Interpretation BH250-112A records a complex sequence of magmatic and post-magmatic processes. Basaltic magma generated within the mantle ascended toward the surface, entraining fragments of spinel lherzolite from the lithospheric mantle. During eruption, dissolved volatiles exsolved from the magma, producing abundant vesicles throughout the lava. Rapid cooling generated the fine-grained pilotaxitic groundmass, while the mantle xenolith remained largely intact due to rapid ascent. Following solidification, residual magmatic gases and fluids circulated through the vesicle network and precipitated spectacular vapor-phase minerals within open cavities. The resulting rock preserves evidence of magma generation, mantle transport, volcanic degassing, cooling, and late-stage mineralization within a single specimen. Educational Significance BH250-112A is one of the most versatile teaching specimens in the BH250 Collection because it links deep Earth processes with volcanic phenomena visible at the Earth's surface. Students can examine the relationships between mantle xenoliths and their host magma, observe classic volcanic textures, and study vapor-phase mineralization within the same sample. The specimen is particularly valuable for teaching: <ul> <li>Alkali basalt petrology</li> <li>Mantle xenolith transport</li> <li>Basalt–mantle relationships</li> <li>Plagioclase twinning</li> <li>Olivine crystallization</li> <li>Pilotaxitic texture</li> <li>Vesicle formation</li> <li>Volcanic degassing</li> <li>Vapor-phase crystallization</li> <li>Open-space crystal growth</li> <li>Late-stage magmatic fluids</li> <li>Post-eruptive mineralization</li> </ul> Few volcanic specimens preserve such a complete record of igneous processes, making BH250-112A one of the most scientifically informative and visually striking rocks in the BH250 Collection. <iframe width="1800" height="100" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vS4nyqCmZQGn3t6vX4g4nhDPwHMBaKrigt1LaY2pykWbBGXB1wNb6FYArx625I-JTtD7lyg4uz1OS1r/pubhtml?gid=1695466492&single=true&widget=true&headers=false"></iframe> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Location: Dish Hill, California, USA Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From the rock collection of Bereket Haileab. Sample 112a. Housed at Carleton College in Minnesota. Type The nature or genre of the resource Thin section Relation A related resource <iframe width="100%" height="600" style="border: 0;" src="https://carleton.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/media/index.html?appid=b3e7bf9f281147b7a95d8e575c7feca1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen">iFrames are not supported on this page.</iframe> View on ArcGIS Online <a href="https://carleton.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b3e7bf9f281147b7a95d8e575c7feca1">here</a> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wv5AwwywGumlt9VbZd6SOQKmUhPh9Bn_/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zrvKi6WZhXG9BIHpuz2jfThUeHIMJNKl/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Jg2OmRx2GcctvUYTb0-EZPaZEOZPA5si/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uzXbQa8q_aCUkkTPnClr6_0-sZQw9Sae/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z-kv6dQUcuVqWogxY6Z-cfItIGWKQOiD/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tbGh3h-0WC7BeAJFvfDfSukzG6XcoSrw/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UoG4Wxf1Rx4DIVzxZ-PGHOTkGETcnFpQ/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x4fEUo76wBVDi-74EAb6q_ZlMYP9UwuU/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/13sHUMtWPOG0nuhsmxpGflvcpdtKP104i/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LX2An8zIdR1gkeFZB9M_Tz7MTnoC6O_1/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> <iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/10uldNOPXcx6hkE9SUB8EoXE8qV94HTXz/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> TAS diagram of sample 112a. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bereket Haileab Alkali basalt basalt Cima volcanic field Clinopyroxene cristobalite Dish Hill Fan-Shaped Crystal Growth Garnet Clinopyroxenite harzburgite igneous Late-Stage Magmatic Fluids Lherzolite mantle xenolith Mojave Desert olivine Open-Space Filling Orthopyroxene plutonic Post-Magmatic Mineralization Pyroxenite Radiating Crystals scoria Spherulitic Texture Spinel Spinel Peridotite tridymite ultramafic Ultramafic rock Vapor-Phase Crystallization Vapor-Phase Minerals Vesicle-Lining Crystals vesicular basalt Volcanic Degassing Volcanic Gas Alteration Wehrlite xenolith Zeolites