https://bereket-haileab.geology.sites.carleton.edu/files/original/87ad17e92de78cab49a6aa8d91882cd9.jpg bc997fe04cb404f8c5b9d523a78ef25f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Metamorphic Rocks Subject The topic of the resource This collection includes slates, phyllites, schists, gneisses, eclogites, marbles, quartzites, skarns, granulites, and mylonites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bereket Haileab Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Housed in Anderson Hall, Carleton College. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Thin sections, thin section scans, hand samples, hand sample images, photomicrographs, chemical analyses (major elements, trace elements and REE analyses for selected samples). Thin section Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource BH250-22 Subject The topic of the resource Chloritoid Schist Description An account of the resource <p class="isSelectedEnd"><strong><span>Major Mineral:</span></strong><span> Chloritoid<br />Minor minerals: Garnet, quartz, muscovite, and graphite<br /></span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>BH250-22 is an excellent example of a strongly foliated metamorphic rock that records a prolonged and complex history of deformation and metamorphism. The rock is characterized by a well-developed schistosity defined primarily by aligned muscovite and graphite, making it one of the most strongly foliated specimens among related samples. Its mineral assemblage and microstructures preserve evidence for multiple episodes of mineral growth, deformation, and recrystallization, providing valuable insight into the tectonic evolution of the metamorphic terrane from which it was collected.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>The dominant mineral of the rock is chloritoid, an important index mineral that occurs as both pre-kinematic and syn-kinematic porphyroblasts. The presence of chloritoid crystals that contain internal foliation demonstrates that some grains grew after an earlier fabric had already formed, while other crystals continued to grow during deformation. This relationship provides strong evidence for progressive metamorphism accompanied by multiple phases of deformation. Garnet is also present as porphyroblasts and commonly contains inclusion trails that preserve earlier foliation patterns within the crystals. These internal structures offer a record of changing metamorphic conditions and deformation histories during crystal growth.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>Quartz forms an important component of the rock matrix and commonly displays undulatory extinction, indicating deformation under elevated temperatures. Pressure shadows adjacent to garnet and chloritoid porphyroblasts further attest to significant strain during metamorphism. In some areas, quartz appears concentrated into thin compositional layers or segregations parallel to foliation. Muscovite is abundant and largely responsible for the rock's pronounced schistosity, while graphite occurs as fine opaque material aligned along cleavage planes and foliation surfaces, enhancing the planar fabric.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>Microscopic examination reveals a variety of textures that document the rock's complex evolution. The foliation is exceptionally well developed and defined by the preferred orientation of muscovite and graphite. Garnet and chloritoid are the principal porphyroblastic minerals, and many chloritoid crystals preserve internal foliations that differ from the external foliation of the matrix. These relationships indicate that mineral growth and deformation were not separate events but instead overlapped through time. The coexistence of pre-kinematic and syn-kinematic garnet and chloritoid demonstrates that metamorphism occurred during progressive deformation, with mineral growth continuing through successive tectonic events.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>Evidence of later brittle deformation is also preserved within the rock. Some mica-rich domains, particularly those associated with chloritoid-bearing areas, exhibit fractures and other brittle features that likely developed during a later stage of tectonic activity when temperatures had declined. These late structures overprint earlier ductile fabrics and record the final stages of the rock's tectonic history.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>The mineral assemblage of chloritoid, garnet, quartz, muscovite, and graphite suggests metamorphic conditions within the greenschist to lower amphibolite facies range, corresponding to moderate temperatures and intermediate pressures. Such conditions are typical of regional metamorphism associated with mountain-building processes. The textural relationships preserved in BH250-22 indicate that metamorphism and deformation occurred progressively rather than during a single event, reflecting a dynamic tectonic environment characterized by repeated pulses of stress, recrystallization, and mineral growth.</span></p> <p class="isSelectedEnd"><span>The geological significance of BH250-22 extends beyond the specimen itself because it provides insight into the tectonic history of Eritrea and the surrounding East African region. Much of Eritrea's crystalline basement consists of Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks that formed during the East African Orogeny, approximately 850–550 million years ago. This major tectonic event culminated in the assembly of the Arabian-Nubian Shield and played a key role in the formation of Gondwana. Schists, gneisses, amphibolites, and related metamorphic rocks throughout Eritrea were subjected to regional metamorphism and deformation during this period.</span></p> <p><span>The most significant tectono-metamorphic episode was the Pan-African Orogeny, approximately 650–550 million years ago, when continental fragments collided and were welded together during the final assembly of Gondwana. Many of Eritrea's metamorphic rocks either formed or were extensively reworked during this event. BH250-22 likely records part of this prolonged history of mountain building, metamorphism, and deformation, preserving in its minerals and textures a record of the tectonic processes that shaped northeastern Africa during the late Neoproterozoic.</span></p> <br /><br />Click <a href="https://www.digitalscope.org/ViewerUI/?SlideId=6455a78f-f4ff-4f92-a99d-3906122c2e55">here</a> for a high resolution scan by digitalscope Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From the rock collection of Bereket Haileab. Sample BH250-22. Housed at Carleton College in Minnesota. Type The nature or genre of the resource Thin section Relation A related resource <iframe width="100%" height="600" style="border: 0;" src="https://carleton.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/media/index.html?appid=23e6331d72f14352aaa78f9fb81b54bd" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen">iFrames are not supported on this page.</iframe><br />View on ArcGIS Online <a href="https://carleton.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=23e6331d72f14352aaa78f9fb81b54bd">here</a><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pQhfioq6nCiYXdyZtcn8xfSZlAMMjCeN/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGHzuvrOVb1OrwHlM6DU4U2XV7hRL_o5/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FgjwHkzVW4lVdJSMAhvnW4rU8FqjpGIr/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v_GyKpyDiw-YQdT0dwrhXHisesWqGQBw/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/145PIHFO5Fj4gIKbVZLym6hHF4zXCYJVG/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U5G2IogcJfYnCnxWzmOFqoM7kZVPX5Lp/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zhdaAXSvoMRoBqzZa_2eUSUPLTci1IJm/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ukuH6HxpU2Fg0w86-RolAr8tFUg5NDMR/preview" allow="autoplay"></iframe> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Chloridoid schist collected from Eritrea. Few kilometers north of the city of Keren. Approximate location, 15°53'38.62"N, 38°26'58.59"E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Summer 1996, field trip with Professor Paul Retain of Buffalo University, NY Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bereket Haileab Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Bereket Haileab Arabian-Nubian Shield Brittle mica Chloritoid Chloritoid schist Chloritoid-Garnet-Mica Schist Continental Collision Digital Microscope Scan East African Orogeny Eritrea Foliated Metamorphic Rock Foliation Garnet Graphite Keren Eritrea metamorphic Micaceous Texture Multi-stadial growth Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogeny Porphyroblast Porphyroblastic texture Porphyroblasts Pre-kinematic chloritoid schist Schistosity Strong Foliation Syn-kinematic chloritoid